1. Jin F, Chung F. Multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13: 524-39.
3. Lee A, Cooper MC, Craig JC, Knight JF, Keneally JP. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (2): CD002765.
6. Feldman HI, Kinman JL, Berlin JA, Hennessy S, Kimmel SE, Farrar J, et al. Parenteral ketorolac: the risk for acute renal failure. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 193-9.
7. Gan TJ, Singla N, Daniels SE, Lacouture PG, Min LH, Reyes CR, et al. Cardiovascular safety of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-diclofenac in the management of acute postsurgical pain: a pooled analysis of 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator-controlled phase III clinical trials. J Clin Anesth 2016; 31: 249-58.
8. Hynninen MS, Cheng DC, Hossain I, Carroll J, Aumbhagavan SS, Yue R, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treatment of postoperative pain after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47: 1182-7.
9. de Souza Brito F, Mehta RH, Lopes RD, Harskamp RE, Lucas BD Jr, Schulte PJ, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Med 2017; 130: 462-8.
10. Gobble RM, Hoang HL, Kachniarz B, Orgill DP. Ketorolac does not increase perioperative bleeding: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133: 741-55.
11. Fragen RJ, Stulberg SD, Wixson R, Glisson S, Librojo E. Effect of ketorolac tromethamine on bleeding and on requirements for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77: 998-1002.
12. Slappendel R, Weber EW, Benraad B, Dirksen R, Bugter ML. Does ibuprofen increase perioperative blood loss during hip arthroplasty? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19: 829-31.
13. Jeffcoach DR, Sams VG, Lawson CM, Enderson BL, Smith ST, Kline H, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’ impact on nonunion and infection rates in long-bone fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76: 779-83.
14. Oh JH, Seo HJ, Lee YH, Choi HY, Joung HY, Kim SH. Do selective COX-2 inhibitors affect pain control and healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair? A preliminary study. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46: 679-86.
15. Moore N, Ganse EV, Le Parc JM, Wall R, Schneid H, Farhan M, et al. The PAIN study: paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen new tolerability study. Clin Drug Invest 1999; 18: 89-98.
16. Kotagal M, Hakkarainen TW, Simianu VV, Beck SJ, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Flum DR. Ketorolac use and postoperative complications in gastrointestinal surgery. Ann Surg 2016; 263: 71-5.
17. Chen JY, Wu GJ, Mok MS, Chou YH, Sun WZ, Chen PL, et al. Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients--a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 546-51.
18. Bosek V, Miguel R. Comparison of morphine and ketorolac for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in postoperative cancer patients. Clin J Pain 1994; 10: 314-8.
19. Spindler JS, Mehlisch D, Brown CR. Intramuscular ketorolac and morphine in the treatment of moderate to severe pain after major surgery. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10: S51-8.
20. Schlachta CM, Burpee SE, Fernandez C, Chan B, Mamazza J, Poulin EC. Optimizing recovery after laparoscopic colon surgery (ORAL-CS): effect of intravenous ketorolac on length of hospital stay. Surg Endosc 2007; 21: 2212-9.
21. Jones MK, Wang H, Peskar BM, Levin E, Itani RM, Sarfeh IJ, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: insight into mechanisms and implications for cancer growth and ulcer healing. Nat Med 1999; 5: 1418-23.
24. Yoon S, Kim H, Cho HY, Lee HJ, Kim H, Lee HC, et al. Effect of postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on anastomotic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Korean J Anesthesiol 2022; 75: 61-70.
25. Kowalsky SJ, Zenati MS, Steve J, Lee KK, Hogg ME, Zeh HJ 3rd, et al. Ketorolac use may increase risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Surg Res 2018; 221: 43-8.
26. Behman R, Karanicolas PJ, Lemke M, Hanna SS, Coburn NG, Law CH, et al. The effect of early postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2015; 19: 1632-9.