1. Borgeat A, Kwiatkowski D. Spontaneous movements associated with rocuronium: is pain on injection the cause? Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 382-383. PMID:
9389860.
2. Kim JY, Kim JY, Kim YB, Kwak HJ. Pretreatment with remifentanil to prevent withdrawal after rocuronium in children. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 120-123. PMID:
17065169.
3. Chiarella AB, Jolly DT, Huston CM, Clanachan AS. Comparison of four strategies to reduce the pain associated with intravenous administration of rocuronium. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 377-379. PMID:
12594153.
4. Yoon JY, Kim HK, Kwon JY, Shin SW, Kim KH, Kim WS, et al. EC(50) of remifentanil to prevent withdrawal movement associated with injection of rocuronium. J Anesth 2010; 24: 182-186. PMID:
20127371.
5. Scott LJ, Perry CM. Remifentanil: a review of its use during the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. Drugs 2005; 65: 1793-1823. PMID:
16114980.
6. Oh AY, Seo KS, Goo EK, Park YO, Kim SJ, Kim JH. Prevention of withdrawal movement associated with injection of rocuronium in children: comparison of remifentanil, alfentanil and fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 1190-1193. PMID:
17711566.
7. Kim JY, Kwak HJ, Kim JY, Park KS, Song JS. Prevention of rocuronium-induced withdrawal movement in children: a comparison of remifentanil with alfentanil. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18: 245-250. PMID:
18230068.
8. Choi YJ, Park HS, Lee H, Yoon SZ. Single pretreatment of remifentanil may reduce pain after propofol and rocuronium injection in rapid sequence induction. Korean J Anesthesiol 2012; 63: 413-418. PMID:
23198034.
9. Choi BI, Choi SH, Shin YS, Lee SJ, Yoon KB, Shin SK, et al. Remifentanil prevents withdrawal movements caused by intravenous injection of rocuronium. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49: 211-216. PMID:
18452256.
10. Park SJ, Park HJ, Choi JY, Kang HS, Choi HS. The influence of age and gender on remifentanil EC(50) for preventing rocuronium induced withdrawal movements. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58: 244-248. PMID:
20498772.
11. Minto CF, Schnider TW, Egan TD, Youngs E, Lemmens HJ, Gambus PL, et al. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 10-23. PMID:
9009935.
12. Dixon WJ. Staircase bioassay: the up-and-down method. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15: 47-50. PMID:
2052197.
13. Blunk JA, Seifert F, Schmelz M, Reeh PW, Koppert W. Injection pain of rocuronium and vecuronium is evoked by direct activation of nociceptive nerve endings. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003; 20: 245-253. PMID:
12650497.
14. Klement W, Arndt JO. Pain on i.v. injection of some anaesthetic agents is evoked by the unphysiological osmolality or pH of their formulations. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 189-195. PMID:
1817619.
15. Tuncali B, Karci A, Tuncali BE, Mavioglu O, Olguner CG, Ayhan S, et al. Dilution of rocuronium to 0.5 mg/mL with 0.9% NaCl eliminates the pain during intravenous injection in awake patients. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 740-743. PMID:
15333404.
16. Kim KS, Kim YS, Jeon WJ, Yeom JH. Prevention of withdrawal associated with the injection of rocuronium in adults and children. J Clin Anesth 2006; 18: 334-338. PMID:
16905077.
17. Han DW, Koo BN, Choi SH, Lee JS, Shin YS, Sharma M, et al. Neutralized rocuronium (pH 7.4) before administration prevents injection pain in awake patients: a randomized prospective trial. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19: 418-423. PMID:
17967669.
18. Yavascaoglu B, Kaya FN, Ozcan B. Esmolol pretreatment reduces the frequency and severity of pain on injection of rocuronium. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19: 413-417. PMID:
17967668.
19. Memiş D, Turan A, Karamanlioğlu B, Süt N, Pamukçu Z. The prevention of pain from injection of rocuronium by ondansetron, lidocaine, tramadol, and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 1517-1520. PMID:
12032018.
20. Akcaboy ZN, Akcaboy EY, Soyal OB, Turhan G, Gogus N. Can ephedrine pretreatment be effective in alleviating rocuronium injection pain? Med Princ Pract 2012; 21: 323-327. PMID:
22398821.
21. Yoon JR, Jeon Y, Yoo Y, Shin HJ, Ahn JH, Lim CH. The analgesic effect of remifentanil on prevention of withdrawal response associated with the injection of rocuronium in children: no evidence for a peripheral action. J Int Med Res 2010; 38: 1795-1800. PMID:
21309495.
22. George RB, McKeen D, Columb MO, Habib AS. Up-down determination of the 90% effective dose of phenylephrine for the treatment of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 154-158. PMID:
19910625.
23. Park SH. Regression analysis. 3rd ed. Seoul, Minyoung Publishing Co.. 1998, pp 368-373.
24. Park HJ, Lee JR, Kim CS, Kim SD, Kim HS. Remifentanil halves the EC50 of propofol for successful insertion of the laryngeal mask airway and laryngeal tube in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 57-61. PMID:
17578957.
25. Rigby-Jones AE, Priston MJ, Sneyd JR, McCabe AP, Davis GI, Tooley MA, et al. Remifentanil-midazolam sedation for paediatric patients receiving mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 252-261. PMID:
17578905.
26. Anderson BJ. Pediatric models for adult target-controlled infusion pumps. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 223-232. PMID:
19627530.
27. Ross AK, Davis PJ, Dear Gd GL, Ginsberg B, McGowan FX, Stiller RD, et al. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 1393-1401. PMID:
11726413.
28. Jeleazcov C, Ihmsen H, Schmidt J, Ammon C, Schwilden H, Schüttler J, et al. Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100: 509-516. PMID:
18270231.
29. Kim EJ, Shin SW, Kim TK, Yoon JU, Byeon GJ, Kim HJ. The median effective effect-site concentration of remifentanil for minimizing the cardiovascular changes to endotracheal intubation during desflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients. Korean J Anesthesiol 2012; 63: 314-320. PMID:
23115683.
30. Kim HS, Park HJ, Kim CS, Lee JR. Combination of propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children. Minerva Anestesiol 2011; 77: 687-692. PMID:
21364505.