Recurrent unilateral lung ventilation disorder in a patient that experienced rocuronium-induced anaphylactic bronchospasm during laparoscopic rectal surgery -A case report-

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Abstract

Case Report

A 52-year-old male, body weight 62 kg, height 161 cm, was planned for hand-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection (HAL-LAR) for rectal cancer. There was no history of allergy, including asthma, atopy, or drug allergy, either for the patient himself or his family. Preoperative antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) was negative for Cefminox. The patient received glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg and midazolam 2 mg IM as premedication 40 min before surgery. Preanesthetic blood pressures (BP) and heart rates (HR) were 120/80 mmHg and 65 beats/min (bpm), respectively. In the supine position, endotracheal intubation was performed 1 minute after the IV administration of 1% propofol (Pofol inj, Dongkook Co., Republic of Korea) 12 ml and rocuronium (Esmeron®, NV Organon, Netherlands) 50 mg. The 7.5 mm ID endotracheal tube was secured at 23 cm at upper teeth, and equal breathing sounds were noted in both lung fields through a stethoscope. Sevoflurane-N₂O 2 L/min-O₂ 2 L/min was then delivered for maintenance under volume controlled ventilation at a tidal volume (TV) of 600 ml and respiratory rate (RR) of 10 rpm, at which the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) was 20 mmHg and end tidal carbon dioxide concentrations (EtCO₂) were 37-40 mmHg. However, 10 minutes after the administration of induction agents, BP suddenly dropped to 83/53 mmHg at a HR of 145 bpm. Although BP increased to 93/58 mmHg 15 minutes after induction, capnography showed an obstructive pattern with a high PIP (41 mmHg) along with skin eruptions within the upper thorax and on both upper extremities at the same time (the severities of these were not followed after covering the body with surgical wraps during the operation). EtCO₂ was maintained at 35 mmHg at that time. On auscultation, no breathing sound was heard in the left lung field and mild wheezing was noted in the right lung. Suctioning the airway produced no secretion. We checked for proper tube placement by manual cuff palpation at the suprasternal notch, and ballottement of the cuff was strongly detected. Accordingly, we guessed anaphylactic bronchospasm due to uncertain anesthetic agents. Salbutamol sulfate was administered by inhalation three times through the endotracheal tube, but BP further declined to 75/40 mmHg at a HR of 110 bpm. Skin eruptions continued to be observed within the upper thorax and both upper extremities. After discontinuing N₂O and sevoflurane, piprinhydrinate 3 mg and dexamethasone 5 mg were injected intravenously along with salbutamol sulfate administration, but PIP and breathing sounds did not improve. Even at TV 300 ml and RR 16 rpm, PIP remained at 30 mmHg. Although the lowest observed SpO₂ value was 95%, EtCO₂ was maintained at 35 mmHg. Epinephrine 10 µg and hydrocortisone 50 mg were then administered intravenously twice and three times, respectively. Twenty minutes after the onset of symptoms, lung sounds recovered and the capnogram normalized with an EtCO₂ of 36 mmHg and a PIP of 25 mmHg under TV 500 ml and RR 13 rpm, and a BP and HR of 121/66 mmHg and 97 bpm, respectively.

Surgery was performed under carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum at a pressure of 15 mmHg in a 30 degree Trendelenburg position under pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) that limited the PIP to 27 mmHg, which demonstrated a TV of 450-500 ml. However, 80 minutes after beginning surgery under an inspiratory sevoflurane concentration of 3.6 vol%, SpO₂ suddenly decreased from 97% to 91% immediate after an intravenous injection of furosemide (Lasix® , Handok, Republic of Korea) 5 mg. At that time, no auscultation sounds were detected in the left lung field under a PIP of 27 mmHg during pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) generating a TV of only 151 ml. EtCO₂ was recorded at this time at 40 mmHg. BP decreased to 80/50 mmHg with a HR of 75 bpm. Thus, salbutamol sulfate inhalation and intravenous hydrocortisone and epinephrine were re-challenged, and the posture changed from Trendelenburg to supine. 10 minutes later, SpO₂ and BP recovered to 96% and 153/94 mmHg, respectively, and both lung sounds were fully regained. The surgery was completed after colostomy. Total anesthetic duration was 200 minutes. The postoperative chest radiograph was normal, and the endotracheal tube was extubated 9 hours after completing surgery.

Patch, skin prick, and intradermal tests (IDT) were carried out on postoperative days 8, 15, and 16 to confirm the relationships between the patient's symptoms and anesthetic agents. Several types of anesthetics were examined (Table 1). All skin tests were performed on the patient's back. The concentrations of test drugs used depended on the type of test. As for the patch test, pure commercialized drugs were applied. Skin prick tests were performed using solutions of the test drugs, diluted sequentially (10^-2 and 10^-1) in 0.9% saline and IDTs were conducted using a 10^-1 dilution. Skin test results were graded + when a wheal of 3-5 mm with surrounding erythema of 5-10 mm arose within 15 minutes after injection, and as ++ when a wheal of >5 mm with erythema of >10 mm appeared within 15 minutes. It was found that rocuronium, succinylcholine, atracurium, vecuronium, and thiopental sodium produced a positive reaction only by IDT (Table 1).

Table 1

Results of Anesthetic Skin Reactivity Tests

Surgery to repair the colostomy was carried out 50 days later under spinal anesthesia using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg, which had shown no reactivity on previous skin tests. The anesthetic duration was 90 minutes and no problem was experienced perioperatively.

Discussion

The anaphylactic symptoms caused by rocuronium are variable, and include; tachycardia, severe hypotension, erythematous skin rash, facial or generalized edema, and bronchospasm [2,3]. Although anaphylactic symptoms usually occur immediately after an allergen challenge, they can be delayed for 2-20 minutes [4,5] About 70% of patients that experience an anaphylactic bronchospasm have accompanying cutaneous signs, such as, a rash or flush [6]. The symptom course during induction in our case was very similar to that reported for rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis.

The clinical aspects of unilateral bronchospasm are similar to those of endobronchial intubation [7]. However, endobronchial intubation is also a risk factor of reflex bronchospasm because airway instrumentation near the carina, which contains abundant irritant receptors, can cause reflex bronchoconstriction [6]. However, reflex bronchospasm after intubation is not accompanied by cutaneous reactions because it does not occur via an immune pathway [8]. Propofol can cause skin rashes irrespective of anaphylaxis, but for non-immune reactions, skin reactions are not associated with cardiovascular deteriorations [9]. Accordingly, in our case, it is unlikely that the first ventilation disorder was caused by airway irritation, or that the skin eruptions were related to propofol induced nonimmune reactions.

It has been reported that the mean distance between the carina and the endotracheal tube tip in the supine position is 3.37 ± 2.21 cm when palpating cuff ballottement at the suprasternal notch [10]. Thus, the possibility of endobronchial intubation could be excluded by manual cuff palpation at the sternal notch in the supine position during the first ventilation disorder. Furthermore, a unilateral silent lung accompanied by a sudden decrease in BP suggested immune-related bronchospasm rather than endobronchial intubation. Thus, given this information and the skin test results, we were able to strongly associate the first incident with rocuronium-induced anaphylactic bronchospasm. Intradermal testing is valuable in terms of discerning whether a suspected perioperative allergic reaction is caused by IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity, especially that due to anesthetics [11].

Unilateral bronchospasm usually occurs due to topical irritation of the respiratory system [12,13]. However, unilateral bronchospasm in our case was triggered by the systemic effects of intravenous agents. Tsubo et al. [5] suggested that latex allergen, which is absorbed into systemic circulation during intra-abdominal gynecological surgery, might induce unilateral bronchospasm. Thus, it is possible that anaphylactic antigens can induce unilateral bronchospasm not only by topical irritation of the involved lung, but also rarely via systemic effects.

However, contrary to the first bronchospasm, chances were that other risk factors might influence on happening of the second case of unilateral silent breath sound. The recurrence of anaphylactic symptoms is not common after successful resuscitation [2,3], and it our case, the Trendelenburg position itself is considered unlikely trigger factor because NMBAs-induced anaphylactic hypotension used to be resuscitated by placing patients in the Trendelenburg position. However, it is possible that pneumoperitoneum in the Trendelenburg position might have induced unilateral endobronchial intubation [14]. Furthermore, a zero risk of endobronchial intubation in the Trendelenburg position under pneumoperitoneum is not guaranteed by confirming tube placement by manual cuff palpation in the supine position [14]. However, we did not recheck the cuff ballottement at the sternal notch after changing posture, and thus, it is not clear whether the second incident was caused by bronchospasm or a malpositioned tube.

Moreover, although furosemide is known to be a causative agent of anaphylaxis [15], unilateral ventilatory failure was unlikely to been related to the administration of furosemide, because skin tests were negative.

In conclusion, the intravenous administration of rocuronium can induce unilateral bronchospasm. Nevertheless, although a patient may suffer unilateral bronchospasm due to anaphylaxis, it should also be considered that recurrent unilateral ventilatory failure might be induced during the same surgery by endobronchial intubation when a patient under pneumoperitoneum is in the Trendelenburg position.

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