Airway obstruction by extrinsic tracheal compression during spinal surgery under prone position -A case report-

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Abstract

Case Report

A 79-year-old female patient with weight of 58 kg and height of 156 cm visited the hospital for lumbar pain accompanied by referred pain in the left hip and the rear thigh. She was diagnosed as spinal retrolisthesis and stenosis at L 4-5. She admitted to the hospital for discectomy and partial laminectomy. She had no special past history but a thyroid isthmectomy to remove thyroid nodule in 2005. She was normal in a blood test, a chest X-ray, and a thyroid function test but had RBBB in ECG. In a pulmonary function test, forced vital capacity (FVC) was 1.42 L (72.3% of an expected value), forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) 1.13 L (71.1% of an expected value), and FEV1/FVC 79.4%; which were mild restrictive patterns. However, arterial blood gas analysis was normal. In physical examination, we could find a 3 cm sized scar from the isthmectomy, 2 cm above the sternal notch and her breathing sound was normal at both lungs. In addition, she did not appeal any symptom related to a respiratory system. Thus, the lumbar surgery was proceeded as scheduled.

Patient did not receive any preanesthetic medication and she inhaled 100% oxygen sufficiently after standard monitoring with ECG, non-invasive blood pressure monitor and a pulse oximetry. General anesthesia was induced with lidocaine 40 mg and propofol 80 mg, and rocuronium 40 mg was injected for muscle relaxation after eyelid reflex disappeared. An armored endotracheal tube of 7.0 mm was inserted and fixed at 21 cm. Breathing sounds at both lung fields were normal. Ventilator was adjusted at 550 ml of tidal volume and 10 times per minute of the respiratory rate. Peak airway pressure was 18 mmHg. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane 1.5-2.0 vol% in a 50% of oxygen-nitrous oxide balance. End tidal carbon dioxide tension was maintained at 30-35 mmHg. To monitor invasive blood pressure, a 20 G catheter was introduced into the right radial artery and a foley catheter was inserted. For a surgery, the patient changed her position from supine to prone. We check her airway was adequately maintained and her breathing sound normal. Then surgeon began disinfecting around the operation site. While arranging her head on a head rest, the peak airway pressure surged into 35 to 40 mmHg, the tidal volume reduced to 50 to 100 ml, and her breathing sounds were rarely heard from both lung fields. The endotracheal tube was fixed at 21 cm as same at the supine position. There was resistance when we tried to insert a suction tube to suck up the endotracheal tube into which the suction tube could not move. We observed the endotracheal tube with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and reddish soft tissue was almost obstructing the tube (Fig. 1). Although we moved the tube back up to 19 cm while observing it with the bronchoscopy, the airway obstruction continued. When we moved it further up to 23 cm again, the obstruction reduced a little bit. As we pushed the front neck lightly with hand, the obstruction was almost eliminated but not completely. Thus we decided to change the patient's position to supine. We laid down the patient on the back and inspected carefully her neck and chest areas. The skin right up the part where the right clavicle and the sternum meet together was somewhat protruded, and the pulse was felt behind the clavicle with hands. When we observed it in the supine position with the bronchoscopy, the internal lumen was maintained at the depth of 23 cm of the endotracheal tube. The tube was located above the carina and it was not one lung ventilation. At this time, the tidal volume was 500 ml and the peak airway pressure was 18 mmHg at the respiratory rate of 12 times per minute. Position change to prone allowed ventilation but not as good as in the supine position. Supporting the patient's neck with a cotton roll helped to keep the tidal volume at 500 ml, the peak airway pressure at 22 mmHg and normal breathing sounds. After confirming with the fiberoptic bronchoscopy that the airway was obtained and the tip of the tube is located above the carina, the operation was continued. There was no airway obstruction during the operation after that. The operation was completed without any special problem. After we confirmed that the patient was recovered with consciousness and spontaneous breathing, the endotracheal tube was removed. The patient was moved to a ward as she had no problem in recovery. Computed tomography on the neck and the chest showed that the trachea was deviated to the downward right side from the thoracic inlet at which a tortuous innominate artery contact with the trachea (Fig. 2). Beneath the subcutaneous layer of the right clavicle, the distal innominate artery was met the trachea as twisted. In the computed tomography measurement, the innominate artery contact with the trachea in the depth of 19.6 cm to 21.3 cm along the trachea from the upper central incisor. When we checked the chest X-ray backward, which was taken at the preoperative examination, it was normal without lesion in lung parenchyma but the trachea was deviated to the right side from the thoracic inlet. As the patient has had no subjective symptom related to vascular problems, she did not take any action against it. The patient was discharged after being noticed that she needs to talk about the history to an anesthesiologist in case of general anesthesia in the future.

Fig. 1

Bronchoscopic findings of endotracheal tube. (A) Endotracheal tube fixed at 21 cm is near totally obstructed by soft tissue under prone position. (B) Tracheal lumen is maintained under prone position. The tube is fixed at 23 cm and the patient's neck is supported by a cotton roll. (C) Tracheal lumen is intact under supine position. The tube is fixed at 23 cm.

Fig. 2

Neck computed tomography shows rightward tracheal deviation (wide arrow) and tortuous innominate artery (narrow arrow) contact with trachea at right supraclavicular area beneath subcutaneous layer (A), and at thoracic inlet level (B).

Discussion

Vascular malformation that obstructs the airway occurs relatively commonly in infants and children. In a serious case, it can be corrected by operation in the age of infants or children. Thus, it is rarely found in an adult. In general, it companies with symptoms like respiratory difficulty in exercise, repeated pneumonia, bronchitis, continued stridor in the upper airway, and dysphasia when the vessel compresses the esophagus together. It is often misdiagnosed as asthma in adults [3]. If the innominate artery originates in the distal aortic arch, the artery should turn around the front of the trachea when going to the right upper quadrant to reach to the right thracic apex. When the artery is big and tight, it gives more pressure on the trachea [4]. However, there is a dispute on the classification of the anterior tracheal compression by innominate artery into one of vascular malformation that causes airway obstruction [5]. In the past, there were excessive diagnoses and treatment of innominate artery compression and tracheomalacia was regarded as a major cause of pathophysiology rather than external pressure [6]. In addition, most normal infants had compression on anterior tracheal without respiratory symptoms when the innominate artery came across the trachea in radiologic examinations [7].

It is relatively easy to assess whether the innominate artery compresses the trachea or not. In a simple chest posteroanterior X-ray view, there is no special problem. Meanwhile the lower part of the trachea is narrow and a finger pressed trace is found in the tracheal anterior wall in the lateral view, the posterior wall is right and well arranged [8]. Moreover the simple X-ray helps us to distinguish whether the narrow trachea is caused by underdevelopment of tracheal cartilage by vascular malformations or by simple external compression. If it is caused by external compression, the narrow part is relatively constantly kept as narrow from the beginning to the end of a respiratory period. If the tracheal cartilage matters, a tracheal diameter increases in inspiration and decreases in expiration. Computed tomography is useful to indentify the range of the narrowed area and the degree of obstruction, a change of a tracheal diameter and a location of the tracheal cartilage defect. As the magnetic resonance imaging is non-invasive and shows blood vessels, the heart, tracheobronchial tree, both systemic circulation system and the pulmonary circulation system, recently it is selected as a primary test of all types of vascular compression syndromes [9]. A structure of the tracheobronchial tree can be observed with a bronchoscopy. It makes possible to assess functional factors of airway obstruction or intrinsic lesion such as tracheomalacia, tracheal stenosis, total tracheal cartilage ring, tracheal variation, as well as to know the location of an endotracheal tube in general anesthesia. We can determine the proper size and the depth of the endotracheal tube by evaluating the location and length of the compressed area and the degree of obstruction.

In anesthesia of a patient with airway obstruction by vascular compressions, it is helpful not to use muscle relaxants while keeping self-respiration for maintaining the airway [1]. Although some forced expiration can prevent airway from being obstructed during the exhalation, excessive efforts during expiration or respiration in an unstable patient can aggravate tracheal obstruction in the dynamic intrathoracic cavity and further increase turbulent flow around the obstructed area. Thus, it is important to understand a cause, a degree and a location of the damaged airway. When the trachea became too much narrow, the endotracheal tube should be located neighboring the lesion passing the narrow part to prevent the formation of edema or granulation tissue due to the tube. It is safe to insert a stent using a rigid bronchoscope or an endotracheal tube to obtain proper ventilation in a patient with serious tracheal collapse.

In the case of the study, we considered correlation with a thyroid isthmectomy at the very beginning because the patient has a history of the operation. However, the operation scar at 2 cm upward from the sternal notch was distant from the area where the right clavicle and the sternum meet, at which pulse is felt. In addition, as the isthmectomy is to remove isthmus only while preserving the both thyroid lobes, it is too minimal invasive to cause complications such as adhesion or hematoma. Although the tracheal cartilage defect could not be completely excluded, tracheomalacia or cartilage defect was not considered as a cause because the patient had no complaint on the respiratory system. Airway obstruction by external compression is not common in adults whose trachea is completely matured. However, there is a case that adult male patient had severe tracheal obstruction due to the pseudomeningocele after induction of general anesthesia. Thus we assumed that the airway obstruction in our patient was caused by external compression by blood vessels [10]. In this case, the blood vessel does not encircle the trachea like a ring and the innominate artery is branched in the normal location of aortic arch. Although the innominate artery is tortuous and goes in a bended shape, it does not compress the trachea directly and the patient has had no respiratory symptom. Therefore it is reasonable to see the innominate artery as normal variation rather than malformation. When the patient changed the position into prone, the chest was compressed and thus innominate artery contact with the trachea compressed the trachea. As the endotracheal tube was inserted toward the carina, the tip of the tube might pass the compressed area and maintain the endotracheal lumen. In addition, we guess that the cotton roll supporting the patient's neck in the prone position pushed the trachea backward and released the anterior tracheal compression by the tortuous artery at the thoracic inlet level to some extent. As the patient was old and had no respiratory problem for a life, we discharged her without special treatment. Also, we recommended her to talk about the anesthesia-related history to an anesthesiologist in the future if it is necessary to intubate an endotracheal tube with general anesthesia because the tortuous innominate artery and the rightward deviated trachea can cause the tube obstruction again.

As the airway obstruction by vascular malformations is rarely found, it can be misdiagnosed as a respiratory disease such as asthma when only respiratory symptoms occur. Anesthesioloists should understand mechanical features of airway obstruction by vascular malformations in advance when conducting general anesthesia for a patient who has a respiratory symptom due to unidentified airway obstruction in order to make a diagnosis and treatment in a more accurate and rapid manner.

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