1. Thakar CV, Christianson A, Freyberg R, Almenoff P, Render ML. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2552-2558. PMID:
19602973.
2. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005; 294: 813-818. PMID:
16106006.
3. Thakar CV. Perioperative acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20: 67-75. PMID:
23265598.
4. Antunes PE, Prieto D, Ferrão de Oliveira J, Antunes MJ. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25: 597-604. PMID:
15037278.
5. Chertow GM, Lazarus JM, Christiansen CL, Cook EF, Hammermeister KE, Grover F, et al. Preoperative renal risk stratification. Circulation 1997; 95: 878-884. PMID:
9054745.
6. Chertow GM, Levy EM, Hammermeister KE, Grover F, Daley J. Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am J Med 1998; 104: 343-348. PMID:
9576407.
7. Ostermann ME, Taube D, Morgan CJ, Evans TW. Acute renal failure following cardiopulmonary bypass: a changing picture. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 565-571. PMID:
10923731.
8. Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 19-32. PMID:
17699187.
9. Mangano CM, Diamondstone LS, Ramsay JG, Aggarwal A, Herskowitz A, Mangano DT. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 194-203. PMID:
9454527.
10. Thakar CV, Liangos O, Yared JP, Nelson D, Piedmonte MR, Hariachar S, et al. ARF after open-heart surgery: Influence of gender and race. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 742-751. PMID:
12666060.
11. Biteker M, Dayan A, Tekkeşin Aİ, Can MM, Taycı İ, İlhan E, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of perioperative acute kidney injury in noncardiac and nonvascular surgery. Am J Surg 2014; 207: 53-59. PMID:
24050540.
12. Bihorac A, Yavas S, Subbiah S, Hobson CE, Schold JD, Gabrielli A, et al. Long-term risk of mortality and acute kidney injury during hospitalization after major surgery. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 851-858. PMID:
19387314.
13. Klionsky DJ, Abdelmohsen K, Abe A, Abedin MJ, Abeliovich H, Acevedo Arozena A, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). Autophagy 2016; 12: 1-222. PMID:
26799652.
14. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8: R204-R212. PMID:
15312219.
15. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31PMID:
17331245.
16. Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, Bonventre JV, Bates DW. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 3365-3370. PMID:
16177006.
17. Bagshaw SM, George C, Bellomo R. A comparison of the RIFLE and AKIN criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1569-1574. PMID:
18281319.
18. Bang JY, Lee JB, Yoon Y, Seo HS, Song JG, Hwang GS. Acute kidney injury after infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: a comparison of AKIN and RIFLE criteria for risk prediction. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113: 993-1000. PMID:
25256546.
19. Englberger L, Suri RM, Li Z, Casey ET, Daly RC, Dearani JA, et al. Clinical accuracy of RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care 2011; 15: R16PMID:
21232094.
20. Section 2: AKI Definition. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2012; 2: 19-36. PMID:
25018918.
21. Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care 2013; 17: 204PMID:
23394211.
22. Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Acute kidney injury. Lancet 2012; 380: 756-766. PMID:
22617274.
23. Sear JW. Kidney dysfunction in the postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 20-32. PMID:
15531622.
24. Hix JK, Thakar CV, Katz EM, Yared JP, Sabik J, Paganini EP. Effect of off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery on postoperative acute kidney injury and mortality. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2979-2983. PMID:
17075372.
25. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Djaiani G, Rao V, Borger MA, Karkouti K, et al. Off-pump coronary artery surgery for reducing mortality and morbidity: meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 872-882. PMID:
16139139.
26. Prowle JR, Bellomo R. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: macrohemodynamic and microhemodynamic alterations in the renal circulation. Semin Nephrol 2015; 35: 64-74. PMID:
25795500.
27. Pascual J, Liaño F, Ortuño J. The elderly patient with acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 144-153. PMID:
7579078.
28. Fuiano G, Sund S, Mazza G, Rosa M, Caglioti A, Gallo G, et al. Renal hemodynamic response to maximal vasodilating stimulus in healthy older subjects. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1052-1058. PMID:
11231360.
29. Mitter N, Shah A, Yuh D, Dodd-O J, Thompson RE, Cameron D, et al. Renal injury is associated with operative mortality after cardiac surgery for women and men. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140: 1367-1373. PMID:
20381074.
30. Kheterpal S, Tremper KK, Heung M, Rosenberg AL, Englesbe M, Shanks AM, et al. Development and validation of an acute kidney injury risk index for patients undergoing general surgery: results from a national data set. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 505-515. PMID:
19212261.
31. Kim M, Brady JE, Li G. Variations in the risk of acute kidney injury across intraabdominal surgery procedures. Anesth Analg 2014; 119: 1121-1132. PMID:
25191972.
32. Kumar AB, Bridget Zimmerman M, Suneja M. Obesity and post-cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury: a single-center retrospective analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28: 551-556. PMID:
24075942.
33. Wigfield CH, Lindsey JD, Muñoz A, Chopra PS, Edwards NM, Love RB. Is extreme obesity a risk factor for cardiac surgery? An analysis of patients with a BMI > or = 40. An analysis of patients with a Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 29: 434-440. PMID:
16504529.
34. Kwakernaak AJ, Toering TJ, Navis G. Body mass index and body fat distribution as renal risk factors: a focus on the role of renal haemodynamics. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28(Suppl 4): iv42-iv49. PMID:
24179015.
35. Suneja M, Kumar AB. Obesity and perioperative acute kidney injury: a focused review. J Crit Care 2014; 29: 694.e1-694.e6.
36. Shashaty MG, Kalkan E, Bellamy SL, Reilly JP, Holena DN, Cummins K, et al. Computed tomography-defined abdominal adiposity is associated with acute kidney injury in critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 1619-1628. PMID:
24776609.
37. Jung SY, Park JT, Kwon YE, Kim HW, Ryu GW, Lee SA, et al. Preoperative low serum bicarbonate levels predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3216PMID:
27043687.
38. Nath KA, Hostetter MK, Hostetter TH. Pathophysiology of chronic tubulo-interstitial disease in rats. Interactions of dietary acid load, ammonia, and complement component C3. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 667-675. PMID:
2993363.
39. Ng HY, Chen HC, Tsai YC, Yang YK, Lee CT. Activation of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system during metabolic acidosis. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34: 55-63. PMID:
21659740.
40. Atkins JL. Effect of sodium bicarbonate preloading on ischemic renal failure. Nephron 1986; 44: 70-74. PMID:
3018600.
41. Bailey M, McGuinness S, Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Parke R, Hodgson CL, et al. Sodium bicarbonate and renal function after cardiac surgery: a prospectively planned individual patient meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2015; 122: 294-306. PMID:
25501691.
42. Tian ML, Hu Y, Yuan J, Zha Y. Efficacy and safety of perioperative sodium bicarbonate therapy for cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 65: 130-136. PMID:
25264756.
43. Dalfino L, Tullo L, Donadio I, Malcangi V, Brienza N. Intra-abdominal hypertension and acute renal failure in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 707-713. PMID:
18157662.
44. Demarchi AC, de Almeida CT, Ponce D, e Castro MC, Danaga AR, Yamaguti FA, et al. Intra-abdominal pressure as a predictor of acute kidney injury in postoperative abdominal surgery. Ren Fail 2014; 36: 557-561. PMID:
24456177.
45. De Waele JJ, De Laet I, Kirkpatrick AW, Hoste E. Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57: 159-169. PMID:
21184922.
46. Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW. Increased pressure within the abdominal compartment: intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2016; 22: 174-185. PMID:
26844989.
47. Sugrue M. Abdominal compartment syndrome and the open abdomen: any unresolved issues? Curr Opin Crit Care 2017; 23: 73-78. PMID:
27941356.
48. Dunn MD, McDougall EM. Renal physiology. Laparoscopic considerations. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 609-614. PMID:
11098759.
49. Hawasli A, Oh H, Schervish E, Frontera R, Gonsherova I, Khoury H. The effect of pneumoperitoneum on kidney function in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Am Surg 2003; 69: 300-303. PMID:
12716087.
50. Nguyen NT, Perez RV, Fleming N, Rivers R, Wolfe BM. Effect of prolonged pneumoperitoneum on intraoperative urine output during laparoscopic gastric bypass. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 195: 476-483. PMID:
12375752.
51. Karkouti K, Wijeysundera DN, Yau TM, Callum JL, Cheng DC, Crowther M, et al. Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: focus on modifiable risk factors. Circulation 2009; 119: 495-502. PMID:
19153273.
52. Vives M, Wijeysundera D, Marczin N, Monedero P, Rao V. Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 18: 637-645. PMID:
24535092.
53. Grayson AD, Khater M, Jackson M, Fox MA. Valvular heart operation is an independent risk factor for acute renal failure. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 1829-1835. PMID:
12822624.
54. Lapi F, Azoulay L, Yin H, Nessim SJ, Suissa S. Concurrent use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: nested case-control study. BMJ 2013; 346: e8525PMID:
23299844.
55. Mårtensson J, Bellomo R. Prevention of renal dysfunction in postoperative elderly patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2014; 20: 451-459. PMID:
24999794.
56. Garcia S, Ko B, Adabag S. Contrast-induced nephropathy and risk of acute kidney injury and mortality after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94: 772-776. PMID:
22835553.
57. McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1419-1428. PMID:
18402894.
59. Mori K, Nakao K. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as the real-time indicator of active kidney damage. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 967-970. PMID:
17342180.
60. Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, Mitsnefes M, Zahedi K, Yang J, et al. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2534-2543. PMID:
14514731.
61. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 2005; 365: 1231-1238. PMID:
15811456.
62. Koyner JL, Parikh CR. Clinical utility of biomarkers of AKI in cardiac surgery and critical illness. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8: 1034-1042. PMID:
23471130.
63. Dai X, Zeng Z, Fu C, Zhang S, Cai Y, Chen Z. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2015; 19: 223PMID:
25944130.
64. Nejat M, Pickering JW, Walker RJ, Westhuyzen J, Shaw GM, Frampton CM, et al. Urinary cystatin C is diagnostic of acute kidney injury and sepsis, and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2010; 14: R85PMID:
20459852.
65. Sabbisetti VS, Waikar SS, Antoine DJ, Smiles A, Wang C, Ravisankar A, et al. Blood kidney injury molecule-1 is a biomarker of acute and chronic kidney injury and predicts progression to ESRD in type I diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25: 2177-2186. PMID:
24904085.
66. Han WK, Wagener G, Zhu Y, Wang S, Lee HT. Urinary biomarkers in the early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 873-882. PMID:
19406962.
67. Gocze I, Koch M, Renner P, Zeman F, Graf BM, Dahlke MH, et al. Urinary biomarkers TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 early predict acute kidney injury after major surgery. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0120863PMID:
25798585.
68. Kashani K, Al-Khafaji A, Ardiles T, Artigas A, Bagshaw SM, Bell M, et al. Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2013; 17: R25PMID:
23388612.
69. Meersch M, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Martens S, Rossaint J, Singbartl K, et al. Urinary TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 as early biomarkers of acute kidney injury and renal recovery following cardiac surgery. PLoS One 2014; 9: e93460PMID:
24675717.
70. Brienza N, Giglio MT, Marucci M, Fiore T. Does perioperative hemodynamic optimization protect renal function in surgical patients? A meta-analytic study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2079-2090. PMID:
19384211.
71. Walsh M, Devereaux PJ, Garg AX, Kurz A, Turan A, Rodseth RN, et al. Relationship between intraoperative mean arterial pressure and clinical outcomes after noncardiac surgery: toward an empirical definition of hypotension. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 507-515. PMID:
23835589.
72. Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10: 37-47. PMID:
24217464.
73. Enghard P, Rademacher S, Nee J, Hasper D, Engert U, Jörres A, et al. Simplified lung ultrasound protocol shows excellent prediction of extravascular lung water in ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care 2015; 19: 36PMID:
25656060.
74. Hur E, Usta M, Toz H, Asci G, Wabel P, Kahvecioglu S, et al. Effect of fluid management guided by bioimpedance spectroscopy on cardiovascular parameters in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 61: 957-965. PMID:
23415416.
75. Wilcox CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 726-735. PMID:
6826732.
76. Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 18-24. PMID:
22580944.
77. Rosenberger C, Rosen S, Heyman SN. Renal parenchymal oxygenation and hypoxia adaptation in acute kidney injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33: 980-988. PMID:
17002677.
78. Walsh M, Garg AX, Devereaux PJ, Argalious M, Honar H, Sessler DI. The association between perioperative hemoglobin and acute kidney injury in patients having noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 924-931. PMID:
24023017.
79. Karkouti K, Grocott HP, Hall R, Jessen ME, Kruger C, Lerner AB, et al. Interrelationship of preoperative anemia, intraoperative anemia, and red blood cell transfusion as potentially modifiable risk factors for acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery: a historical multicentre cohort study. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62: 377-384. PMID:
25537735.
80. Habib RH, Zacharias A, Schwann TA, Riordan CJ, Engoren M, Durham SJ, et al. Role of hemodilutional anemia and transfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass in renal injury after coronary revascularization: implications on operative outcome. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1749-1756. PMID:
16096452.
81. O'Keeffe SD, Davenport DL, Minion DJ, Sorial EE, Endean ED, Xenos ES. Blood transfusion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after lower extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51: 616-621. PMID:
20110154.
82. Goodnough LT, Shander A. Patient blood management. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1367-1376. PMID:
22487863.
83. Ho KM, Power BM. Benefits and risks of furosemide in acute kidney injury. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 283-293. PMID:
20085566.
84. Bent P, Tan HK, Bellomo R, Buckmaster J, Doolan L, Hart G, et al. Early and intensive continuous hemofiltration for severe renal failure after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 832-837. PMID:
11269461.
85. Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 305-310. PMID:
11821506.