Korean J Anesthesiol Search

CLOSE


Youn, Yoon, and Park: Failed intubation of an unanticipated postintubation tracheal stenosis: a case report

Abstract

Encountering a patient with unanticipated laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) during anesthetic induction is challenging for an anesthesiologist. Because routine history taking and pre-anesthetic evaluation cannot rule out the possibility of LTS, other measures should be taken. Perioperative airway maintenance is considered crucial for avoiding complications such as airway edema, bleeding, obstruction, collapse, and ultimately respiratory failure and arrest. We report an unanticipated tracheal stenosis discovered during anesthetic induction that hindered endotracheal intubation. Because airway maintenance was difficult, we postponed surgery until determining the cause of the difficult entry, considered possible therapeutic approaches (both anesthetic and surgical), and provided successful surgery with a continuous epidural block.

Oral endotracheal intubation is a routine procedure for patients requiring mechanical ventilation for general anesthesia. The main goal is to guarantee pulmonary gas exchange and protect the lungs against oral or gastric aspiration [1]. Difficult intubation scenarios complicated by laryngeal tracheal stenosis (LTS) can arise due to congenital factors or post-intubation injury, trauma, tracheal tumor, or compression of the trachea by a tumor. It is relatively rare, but the incidence of post-intubation tracheal stenosis is estimated at 4.9 cases per million per year [2], and primary diagnosis is often delayed until intubation is attempted.
Difficult intubation can occur even with comprehensive history taking and pre-anesthetic evaluations. Therefore, it is important to establish a detailed plan and preparation process for endotracheal intubation to avoid disastrous outcomes or unnecessarily invasive procedures. We report a case of failed intubation due to unanticipated post-intubation tracheal stenosis.

Case Report

A 69-year-old female patient (59.3 kg, 154.6 cm, body mass index 24.8) was scheduled for total knee replacement (TKR). Past medical history revealed that the patient underwent general anesthesia for prior TKR of the other knee three years at another hospital, and the patient failed to recall any specific events associated with anesthesia other than a sore throat, which is fairly common after intubation. The patient complained of occasional mild dyspnea during exercise, but chest radiographic readings by radiology were non-specific and we pursued further testing. Spirometry (FEV 2.27 liters (L), FEV1 1.84 L, FVC/FEV1 81%) and arterial blood gas analysis showed normal results. Both lung sounds were clear and no chest abnormalities were observed.
Upon entering the operating room, the patient was monitored with electrocardiograph electrodes, pulse oximeter, bispectral monitoring, and noninvasive blood pressure. After 3 minutes of pre-oxygenation with 100% oxygen, she was anesthetically induced with propofol (60 mg) and rocuronium (30 mg). After ventilating the lungs with a facial mask for two minutes without any difficulties, initial intubation was attempted with a conventional laryngoscope with the aim of inserting a 7.0 mm internal diameter endotracheal tube (ETT), which failed to pass the larynx. After a second attempt failed with a 6.5 mm internal diameter ETT due to continuous resistance when passing the vocal cords, we used a GlideScope® (Verathon Inc., Burnaby, Canada) to visualize and identify the source of the resistance. The GlideScope® view indicated that the subglottic area was divided into two sections with a septum (Fig. 1). A laryngeal mask airway (LMA, i-gel®, 4.0, Intersurgical Ltd., Wokingham, UK) was inserted for temporary ventilation with a tidal volume of 7 ml/kg and 12 breaths/min, but peak airway pressures of 30 mmHg did not improve even after injection of additional neuromuscular blockade. Predicting inadequate ventilation over several hours of anesthesia with i-gel® inevitably resulted in the attending anesthesiologist awakening the patient and postponing surgery until further evaluation. After reversing the neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex (Bridion®, MSD, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) 200 mg, the patient regained consciousness without any respiratory symptoms and the i-gel® was removed.
Neck computed tomography (Fig. 2) and fiberoptic endoscopy (Fig. 3) performed consecutively after surgery revealed fibrous tissue at the glottic level dividing the anterior and posterior portion into 5.8 mm and 1.7 mm lengths, respectively. An initial chest radiograph revealed evident narrowing at the level of the glottis (Fig. 4), with a post-anesthesia chest radiograph confirming the initial findings. Re-questioning the patient regarding any discomfort or complications from the previous surgery revealed that the patient suffered from severe dyspnea and dysphagia after surgery 3 years ago, which lasted several weeks. Afterwards, she complained of continuous mild dyspnea on exertion, but did not consider these symptoms to be anesthetic sequelae. An otorhinolaryngologist consulted for treatment diagnosed post-intubation tracheal stenosis, but did not recommend aggressive or invasive treatment. After constructing a plan including the use of a supraglottic airway (SGA) or smaller diameter ETT in case of failed regional anesthesia, the patient underwent successful surgery with continuous epidural block.

Discussion

Difficult intubations are challenging, even for vigilant anesthesiologists with years of experience. The main concern with difficult intubation or in cases where intubation fails is how to improvise methods for preventing such cases from becoming catastrophic before or during induction. Thus, providing safe anesthetic care and preventing intubation-related injuries remains a critical issue.
We first explored why preoperative tests such as chest radiographs, spirometry, and ABGA were unable to diagnose the tracheal stenosis. Because most patients remain asymptomatic until 30% of the original diameter becomes obstructed, medical history alone is insufficient in predicting difficult airways. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis may go unrecognized or even misdiagnosed as asthma [3] in patients whose symptoms are atypical. Thus, preoperative evaluations are essential in predicting difficult tracheal intubation, but with highly predicable tests currently lacking, only 50% of patients are actually found to have a difficult airway [4]. In addition, screening via methods such as Mallampati scores or measurement of thyromental distance lack reliability. A cohort study on the diagnostic accuracy of anesthesiologists in predicting difficult airways [5] claimed that 93% (3154 out of 3391 anticipated difficult intubations) were actually not difficult, calling into question the accuracy of the anesthesiologists' predictions and emphasizing the challenges that are constantly encountered during anesthetic preparation. Guidelines such as the difficult airway algorithm by the American Society of Anesthesiologists [6] provide strategies that ensure patient safety. In addition, Brichet et al. [7] have proposed a stepwise therapeutic algorithm for optimal management according to the severity of post-intubation tracheal stenosis.
In this case, we did not evaluate the airway tree upon the initial chest X-ray and relied solely on radiology interpretations. It may be challenging to differentiate true stenosis from vocal cord closure due to tracheal narrowing, or even C7 and T1 spinous process and lamina density without significant clinical symptoms or impressions. Therefore, more specific information regarding the patient's history may be useful for additional testing.
When encountering a patient with airway stenosis, an anesthesiologist would in general instinctively reattempt intubation with a narrower diameter ETT, but manipulation may compromise ventilation by increasing the risks of airway resistance, intubation failure, trauma, edema, bleeding, or perforation. However, the use of smaller ETT remains controversial due to the possibility of inadequate oxygen delivery and maintenance of ventilation from increased airway resistance and the work of breathing [8], and would not have been attempted. Even if this attempt had succeeded, potential airway edema and obstruction would have delayed extubation after observation in the intensive care unit. Positioning of the tube above or below the stenosis is also discouraged due to difficulties of proper fixation [9].
Despite known difficulties, ventilating patients with LTS is possible. Several cases of well-ventilated LTS have been reported. Donaldson and Michalek [10] inserted an i-gel® in a patient with no specific medical history other than having been informed to warn future anesthesiologists of her "small breathing pipe" as observed during her previous anesthesia. Furthermore, Lee et al. [11] ventilated a patient with a previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis and suspicious chest radiography findings in the beach-chair position with an i-gel®. Subglottic stenosis was visualized with a fiberscope through the i-gel® in both cases. Asai and Shingu [12] used a SGA and a tube-exchange catheter and inserted a reinforced 6.0 mm ETT in a patient undergoing surgery in the prone position. We believe that in our case, multiple attempts at intubation may have caused laryngeal edema, elevating peak inspiratory pressures which hindered ventilation with the use of i-gel®.
In our backup scenario, if continuous epidural anesthesia failed, intubation may have been attempted with a 5.5 mm ETT via a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (because the largest diameter between the septum measured 5.8 mm) and possibly fixed past the stenosis to avoid accidental extubation or tracheal damage. Intubation may also have been reattempted with a SGA.
Finally, preventable measures should be taken in daily practice to avoid factors causing LTS, such as high endotracheal cuff pressures exceeding 30 mmHg, which induce tracheal damage [13]. Perhaps choosing an ETT resistible to bending and collapse, with soft, thin-walled cuffs that are compliant, may be beneficial. Practitioners should also consider improvements in high-volume low-pressure cuffs by switching from standard polyvinylchloride cuffs to polyurethane cuffs [14] or the use of TaperGuard® tubes to decrease the length of cuff contact with the trachea and internal pressure, thereby reducing the incidence of compromised capillary perfusion resulting in tissue ischemia and proliferation [15]. At this time, because no clear recommendations or definite data indicate that one method is superior to the other, it may be best to adhere to the recommended internal cuff pressures and continuously check for over-inflation during surgery.
Endotracheal intubation may fail despite impeccable preanesthetic evaluation and preparations. However, with detailed history taking and comprehensive reevaluation, its cause can be determined. Anesthesiologists must always be prepared with anesthetic management plans that ensure patient safety in case of failure.

References

1. Negro MS, Barreto G, Antonelli RQ, Baldasso TA, Meirelles LR, Moreira MM, et al. Effectiveness of the endotracheal tube cuff on the trachea: physical and mechanical aspects. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2014; 29: 552-558. PMID: 25714208.
crossref pmid pmc
2. Nouraei SA, Ma E, Patel A, Howard DJ, Sandhu GS. Estimating the population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis. Clin Otolaryngol 2007; 32: 411-412. PMID: 17883582.
crossref pmid
3. Spittle N1, McCluskey A. Lesson of the week: tracheal stenosis after intubation. BMJ 2000; 321: 1000-1002. PMID: 11039970.
crossref pmid pmc
4. Baker P. Assessment before airway management. Anesthesiol Clin 2015; 33: 257-278. PMID: 25999001.
crossref pmid
5. Nørskov AK, Rosenstock CV, Wetterslev J, Astrup G, Afshari A, Lundstrøm LH. Diagnostic accuracy of anaesthesiologists' prediction of difficult airway management in daily clinical practice: a cohort study of 188 064 patients registered in the Danish Anaesthesia Database. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 272-281. PMID: 25511370.
crossref pmid
6. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 1269-1277. PMID: 12717151.
crossref pmid
7. Brichet A, Verkindre C, Dupont J, Carlier ML, Darras J, Wurtz A, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to management of postintubation tracheal stenoses. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 888-893. PMID: 10362058.
crossref pmid
8. Hagberg CA, Artime CA. Airway management in the adult. Edited by Miller RDMiller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. : Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2015, p 1666.

9. Concha M, González J, González A, Dagnino J, Molina R. Epidural anaesthesia for ureteral reimplantation in an infant with congenital tracheal stenosis. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44: 666-668. PMID: 9187789.
crossref pmid
10. Donaldson W, Michalek P. The use of an i-gel supraglottic airway for the airway management of a patient with subglottic stenosis: a case report. Minerva Anestesiol 2010; 76: 369-372. PMID: 20395888.
pmid
11. Lee KH, Kang ES, Jung JW, Park JH, Choi YG. Use of the i-gel™ supraglottic airway device in a patient with subglottic stenosis -a case report-. Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 65: 254-256. PMID: 24101961.
crossref pmid pmc
12. Asai T, Shingu K. Airway management of a patient with tracheal stenosis for surgery in the prone position. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 733-736. PMID: 15310645.
crossref pmid
13. Knowlson GT, Bassett HF. The pressures exerted on the trachea by endotracheal inflatable cuffs. Br J Anaesth 1970; 42: 834-837. PMID: 4920121.
crossref pmid pdf
14. Dullenkopf A, Gerber A, Weiss M. Fluid leakage past tracheal tube cuffs: evaluation of the new Microcuff endotracheal tube. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1849-1853. PMID: 12923620.
crossref pmid
15. Endotracheal cuff pressure and tracheal mucosal blood flow: endoscopic study of effects of four large volume cuffs. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 288: 1237.
crossref
Fig. 1

Intraoperative Glidescope® view revealed the subglottic area to be divided into two sections, the anterior opening (A) (white arrow) and posterior opening (B) (white arrow), by a septum (black arrow).

kjae-69-167-g001.jpg
Fig. 2

Postoperative neck computed tomography (CT) revealed a fibrous tissue at the glottis level dividing the anterior and posterior portion in 5.8 mm and 1.7 mm in length, respectively.

kjae-69-167-g002.jpg
Fig. 3

Subglottic stenosis visible on postoperative fiberoptic endoscopy.

kjae-69-167-g003.jpg
Fig. 4

Evident narrowing of the glottis level on preoperative chest radiograph.

kjae-69-167-g004.jpg


ABOUT
ARTICLE CATEGORY

Browse all articles >

BROWSE ARTICLES
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Editorial Office
101-3503, Lotte Castle President, 109 Mapo-daero, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04146, Korea
Tel: +82-2-792-5128    Fax: +82-2-792-4089    E-mail: journal@anesthesia.or.kr                

Copyright © 2024 by Korean Society of Anesthesiologists.

Developed in M2PI

Close layer
prev next