| Analgesic Effects of Intraperitoneal Morphine, Nalbuphine, and Ketorolac on the Formalin Test in Rats. |
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Jeong Yeon Hong, Youn Woo Lee, Young Suck Lee, Yong Taeck Nam |
1Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, SunKyunKwan University, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. |
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| Abstract |
BACKGROUND
The antinociceptive effect and the potency of systemically administered morphine (micro-agonist), nalbuphine (agonist-antagonist), and ketorolac (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) was examined in rats using the formalin test.
METHODS
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250~300 g) received intraperitoneal injection of either saline or 3 doses of each test drug (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg of morphine, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg of nalbuphine, and 10, 30, 100 mg/kg of ketorolac) 30 minutes prior to formalin injection. 50 microliter of 10% formalin was injected into the dorsal surface of the right hindpaw after 1 minute of 4% halothane induction. The construction of the dose-response curves and the determination of doses producing 50% maximum possible effect (ED50) were computed.
RESULTS
Intraperitoneal injection of morphine, nalbuphine and ketorolac resulted in the significant, dose-dependent supression of both phases, but nalbuphine has a ceiling effect at high dose for analgesia at the phase I of the formalin test. The rank order of relative potency in rats to the formalin test was nalbuphine (1.16)>morphine (1)>>ketorolac (0.1) in phase I, morphine (1)>nalbuphine (0.61)>>ketorolac (0.02) in phase IIa, and morphine (1)>nalbuphine (0.57)>>ketorolac (0.03) in phase IIb.
CONCLUSION
Comparing the systemic analgesic potency, nalbuphine and ketorolac will be needed in dosages 1.5 and 50 times that of morphine, respectively. These results suggest that ketorolac is not good enough as a single analgesic drug in preemptive analgesia for major surgery. |
| Key Words:
Opioid, morphine; nalbuphine; Cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ketorolac; Formalin test |
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