1. Cole JW, Murray DJ, McAllister JD, Hirshberg GE. Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 442-7.
2. Fields A, Huang J, Schroeder D, Sprung J, Weingarten T. Agitation in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit after general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121: 1052-8.
4. Choi GJ, Baek CW, Kang H, Park YH, Yang SY, Shin HY, et al. Emergence agitation after orthognathic surgery: a randomised controlled comparison between sevoflurane and desflurane. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59: 224-31.
7. Kim NY, Kim SY, Yoon HJ, Kil HK. Effect of dexmedetomidine on sevoflurane requirements and emergence agitation in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55: 209-15.
8. Munk L, Andersen G, Møller AM. Post-anaesthetic emergence delirium in adults: incidence, predictors and consequences. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; 60: 1059-66.
10. Hudek K. Emergence delirium: a nursing perspective. AORN J 2009; 89: 509-16.
11. Scott GM, Gold JI. Emergence delirium: a re-emerging interest. Semin Anesth Perioper Med Pain 2006; 25: 100-4.
12. Dahmani S, Delivet H, Hilly J. Emergence delirium in children: an update. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014; 27: 309-15.
15. Meagher DJ, O'Hanlon D, O'Mahony E, Casey PR, Trzepacz PT. Relationship between symptoms and motoric subtype of delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 12: 51-6.
16. Vlajkovic GP, Sindjelic RP. Emergence delirium in children: many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 84-91.
17. Mason KP. Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118: 335-43.
21. Radtke FM, Franck M, Hagemann L, Seeling M, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Risk factors for inadequate emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence. Minerva Anestesiol 2010; 76: 394-403.
22. Xará D, Silva A, Mendonça J, Abelha F. Inadequate emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence in the postanesthesia care unit. J Clin Anesth 2013; 25: 439-46.
24. Frederick HJ, Wofford K, de Lisle Dear G, Schulman SR. A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of depth of anesthesia on emergence agitation in children. Anesth Analg 2016; 122: 1141-6.
26. Uezono S, Goto T, Terui K, Ichinose F, Ishguro Y, Nakata Y, et al. Emergence agitation after sevoflurane versus propofol in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 563-6.
28. Welborn LG, Hannallah RS, Norden JM, Ruttimann UE, Callan CM. Comparison of emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane in pediatric ambulatory patients. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 917-20.
29. Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S, Tait AR. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1625-30.
33. Bonhomme V, Boveroux P, Brichant JF, Laureys S, Boly M. Neural correlates of consciousness during general anesthesia using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Arch Ital Biol 2012; 150: 155-63.
34. Moore AD, Anghelescu DL. Emergence delirium in pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19: 11-20.
35. Aouad MT, Kanazi GE, Siddik-Sayyid SM, Gerges FJ, Rizk LB, Baraka AS. Preoperative caudal block prevents emergence agitation in children following sevoflurane anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 300-4.
36. Huett C, Baehner T, Erdfelder F, Hoehne C, Bode C, Hoeft A, et al. Prevention and therapy of pediatric emergence delirium: a national survey. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19: 147-53.
40. Ramroop R, Hariharan S, Chen D. Emergence delirium following sevoflurane anesthesia in adults: prospective observational study. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2019; 69: 233-41.
41. Rim JC, Kim JA, Hong JI, Park SY, Lee JH, Chung CJ. Risk factors of emergence agitation after general anesthesia in adult patients. Anesth Pain Med 2016; 11: 410-6.
42. Kim HC, Kim E, Jeon YT, Hwang JW, Lim YJ, Seo JH, et al. Postanaesthetic emergence agitation in adult patients after general anaesthesia for urological surgery. J Int Med Res 2015; 43: 226-35.
43. Viswanath O, Kerner B, Jean YK, Soto R, Rosen G. Emergence delirium: a narrative review. J Anesthesiol Clin Sci 2015; 4: 2.
48. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Weisman SJ, Hofstadter MB. Social adaptability, cognitive abilities, and other predictors for children's reactions to surgery. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12: 549-54.
49. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Karas DE, McClain BC. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 651-8.
51. Minami H, Ohe Y, Niho S, Goto K, Ohmatsu H, Kubota K, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of docetaxel and Cisplatin in elderly and non-elderly patients: why is toxicity increased in elderly patients? J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2901-8.
52. Lee LA, Athanassoglou V, Pandit JJ. Neuromuscular blockade in the elderly patient. J Pain Res 2016; 9: 437-44.
53. Abdulatif M, Ahmed A, Mukhtar A, Badawy S. The effect of magnesium sulphate infusion on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 1045-52.
54. Hino M, Mihara T, Miyazaki S, Hijikata T, Miwa T, Goto T, et al. Development and validation of a risk scale for emergence agitation after general anesthesia in children: a prospective observational study. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 550-5.
55. Mufti HN, Hirsch GM. Perioperative prediction of agitated (hyperactive) delirium after cardiac surgery in adults - The development of a practical scorecard. J Crit Care 2017; 42: 192-9.
56. Liu Z. Analysis of risk factors for emergence agitation in adults undergoing general anesthesia for nasal surgery. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2015; 29: 1881-5.
57. Tsui SL, Tong WN, Irwin M, Ng KF, Lo JR, Chan WS, et al. The efficacy, applicability and side-effects of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled morphine analgesia: an audit of 1233 Chinese patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996; 24: 658-64.
58. Binhas M, Motamed C, Hawajri N, Yiou R, Marty J. Predictors of catheter-related bladder discomfort in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2011; 30: 122-5.
59. He J, Zhang Y, Xue R, Lv J, Ding X, Zhang Z. Effect of desflurane versus sevoflurane in pediatric anesthesia: a meta-analysis. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015; 18: 199-206.
62. Silva LM, Braz LG, Módolo NS. Emergence agitation in pediatric anesthesia: current features. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2008; 84: 107-13.
63. Oh AY, Seo KS, Kim SD, Kim CS, Kim HS. Delayed emergence process does not result in a lower incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 297-9.
64. Parikh SS, Chung F. Postoperative delirium in the elderly. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 1223-32.
68. Abu-Shahwan I. Effect of propofol on emergence behavior in children after sevoflurane general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18: 55-9.
69. Bajwa SA, Costi D, Cyna AM. A comparison of emergence delirium scales following general anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 704-11.
70. Aouad MT, Nasr VG. Emergence agitation in children: an update. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2005; 18: 614-9.
71. Riker RR, Picard JT, Fraser GL. Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1325-9.
73. Hesse S, Kreuzer M, Hight D, Gaskell A, Devari P, Singh D, et al. Association of electroencephalogram trajectories during emergence from anaesthesia with delirium in the postanaesthesia care unit: an early sign of postoperative complications. Br J Anaesth 2019; 122: 622-34.
75. Malarbi S, Stargatt R, Howard K, Davidson A. Characterizing the behavior of children emerging with delirium from general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21: 942-50.
76. Bong CL, Ng AS. Evaluation of emergence delirium in Asian children using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 593-600.
77. Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003; 289: 2983-91.
79. O'Brien D. Acute postoperative delirium: definitions, incidence, recognition, and interventions. J Perianesth Nurs 2002; 17: 384-92.
80. Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1338-44.
84. Ham SY, Kim JE, Park C, Shin MJ, Shim YH. Dexmedetomidine does not reduce emergence agitation in adults following orthognathic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58: 955-60.
86. Chandler JR, Myers D, Mehta D, Whyte E, Groberman MK, Montgomery CJ, et al. Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23: 309-15.
87. Ozturk T, Erbuyun K, Keles GT, Ozer M, Yuksel H, Tok D. The effect of remifentanil on the emergence characteristics of children undergoing FBO for bronchoalveolar lavage with sevoflurane anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 338-42.
89. Na HS, Song IA, Hwang JW, Do SH, Oh AY. Emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison of sevoflurane vs. sevoflurane-remifentanil administration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57: 100-5.
90. Citerio G, Pesenti A, Latini R, Masson S, Barlera S, Gaspari F, et al. A multicentre, randomised, open-label, controlled trial evaluating equivalence of inhalational and intravenous anaesthesia during elective craniotomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2012; 29: 371-9.
91. Rosen HD, Mervitz D, Cravero JP. Pediatric emergence delirium: Canadian Pediatric Anesthesiologists' experience. Paediatr Anaesth 2016; 26: 207-12.
92. Cohen IT, Drewsen S, Hannallah RS. Propofol or midazolam do not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 604-9.
94. van Hoff SL, O'Neill ES, Cohen LC, Collins BA. Does a prophylactic dose of propofol reduce emergence agitation in children receiving anesthesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25: 668-76.
97. Tan Y, Shi Y, Ding H, Kong X, Zhou H, Tian J. μ-Opioid agonists for preventing emergence agitation under sevoflurane anesthesia in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatr Anaesth 2016; 26: 139-50.
98. Aouad MT, Al-Alami AA, Nasr VG, Souki FG, Zbeidy RA, Siddik-Sayyid SM. The effect of low-dose remifentanil on responses to the endotracheal tube during emergence from general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 1157-60.
99. Mendel P, Fredman B, White PF. Alfentanil suppresses coughing and agitation during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7: 114-8.
101. Lee YS, Kim WY, Choi JH, Son JH, Kim JH, Park YC. The effect of ketamine on the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy under sevoflurane general anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58: 440-5.
102. Abu-Shahwan I, Chowdary K. Ketamine is effective in decreasing the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing dental repair under sevoflurane general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17: 846-50.
103. Bilotta F, Gelb AW, Stazi E, Titi L, Paoloni FP, Rosa G. Pharmacological perioperative brain neuroprotection: a qualitative review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110 Suppl 1: i113-20.
104. Elsersy HE, Metyas MC, Elfeky HA, Hassan AA. Intraoperative magnesium sulphate decreases agitation and pain in patients undergoing functional endoscopic surgery: a randomised double-blind study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34: 658-64.
105. Apan A, Aykac¸ E, Kazkayasi M, Doganci N. Tahran FD. Magnesium sulphate infusion is not effective on discomfort or emergence phenomenon in pediatric adenoidectomy/tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74: 1367-71.
106. Gibbison B, Bailey CR, Klein AA. Tramadol - the Marmite(™) drug. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 125-30.
107. Lin BF, Ju DT, Cherng CH, Hung NK, Yeh CC, Chan SM, et al. Comparison between intraoperative fentanyl and tramadol to improve quality of emergence. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2012; 24: 127-32.
112. Dahmani S, Brasher C, Stany I, Golmard J, Skhiri A, Bruneau B, et al. Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta analysis of published studies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 397-402.
115. Kulka PJ, Bressem M, Tryba M. Clonidine prevents sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 335-8.
116. Kamibayashi T, Maze M. Clinical uses of alpha2 -adrenergic agonists. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1345-9.
119. Yang X, Li Z, Gao C, Liu R. Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73: 1065-72.
121. Bergendahl H, Lönnqvist PA, Eksborg S. Clonidine: an alternative to benzodiazepines for premedication in children. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2005; 18: 608-13.
122. Maurice-Szamburski A, Auquier P, Viarre-Oreal V, Cuvillon P, Carles M, Ripart J, et al. Effect of sedative premedication on patient experience after general anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313: 916-25.
123. Zhang C, Li J, Zhao D, Wang Y. Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2013; 35: 1622-31.
124. Sanders RD, Pandharipande PP, Davidson AJ, Ma D, Maze M. Anticipating and managing postoperative delirium and cognitive decline in adults. BMJ 2011; 343: d4331.
127. Wang H, Liu G, Fu W, Li ST. The effect of infraorbital nerve block on emergence agitation in children undergoing cleft lip surgery under general anesthesia with sevoflurane. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25: 906-10.
128. Kim HS, Kim CS, Kim SD, Lee JR. Fascia iliaca compartment block reduces emergence agitation by providing effective analgesic properties in children. J Clin Anesth 2011; 23: 119-23.
129. Gritsenko K, Khelemsky Y, Kaye AD, Vadivelu N, Urman RD. Multimodal therapy in perioperative analgesia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2014; 28: 59-79.
130. Hadi SM, Saleh AJ, Tang YZ, Daoud A, Mei X, Ouyang W. The effect of KETODEX on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane based-anesthesia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79: 671-6.
131. Ozcan A, Kaya AG, Ozcan N, Karaaslan GM, Er E, Baltaci B, et al. Effects of ketamine and midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children receiving caudal block: a randomized trial. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2014; 64: 377-81.
132. Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Ramamurthi RJ, Burke C, Tait AR. Clonidine for the prevention of emergence agitation in young children: efficacy and recovery profile. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 554-9.
133. Arai YC, Ito H, Kandatsu N, Kurokawa S, Kinugasa S, Komatsu T. Parental presence during induction enhances the effect of oral midazolam on emergence behavior of children undergoing general anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 858-61.
135. Funk W, Hollnberger H, Geroldinger J. Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008; 25: 37-42.